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Category: Front Page

  • Rattlesnakes: new podcast episode discusses how you can stay safe if you encounter one this spring, summer and fall

    Photo courtesy of D. Herasimtschuk

    DENVER – Rattlesnakes have a lot of misconceptions or folklore surrounding them because they are often perceived as mysterious and are generally misunderstood. Colorado Parks and Wildlife species conservation coordinator Tina Jackson has spent the last 20 years learning about snakes, and she shared her knowledge of rattlesnakes in the latest Colorado Outdoors podcast, episode No. 28, released Wednesday.

    Click here to listen to the podcast episode on rattlesnake

    Colorado is home to about 30 species of snakes. Of these, only three snakes are a risk to humans; the prairie rattlesnake, the Western rattlesnake and the massasauga rattlesnake. 

    Western and prairie rattlesnakes are widespread through Colorado and found in most terrestrial landscapes below 9,000 feet in elevation. The massasauga rattlesnake is found on Colorado’s southeastern plains, restricted to dry grasslands and sandhills below 5,5000 feet in elevation.

    Learn more about rattlesnakes from this blog post Jackson penned on rattlesnakes.

    Rattlesnakes have a distinctly triangular head that is much broader than the neck. They have thick bodies, whereas non-venomous snakes with a few exceptions, are lithe and slender. Bullsnakes, corn snakes and the western hognose snake are often mistaken for rattlesnakes because they possess similar color patterns and will mimic the defensive behavior of a rattlesnake. Look for the sharply pointed tail, round pupils and oval-shaped head to distinguish these species from native rattlesnakes.

    If you encounter a rattlesnake, your first step should be to freeze in place. Snakes are often heard before they are seen. Freezing movement will reduce the threat you pose to the snake and help you assess the situation. Slowly back away from the snake once you locate it. 

    Rattlesnakes can strike to a distance of half their body length, and a good rule of thumb is to put at least five feet between yourself and the snake. Most often, rattlesnake bites to humans occur when people try to handle them or move them out of the way. It is best to keep your distance from them – move around them instead of actually moving them yourself.

    As temperatures warm and people tend to spend more time outside, more encounters with rattlesnakes will occur. It is best to stay alert, keep your earbuds out and music off so you can hear their warning, and keep your dogs on a leash. 

    Extra caution is needed in the mornings and evenings when snakes are most active and visible. They have a fairly predictable pattern of activity – cool spring and fall temperatures require the snakes to bask in the sun on warm surfaces early in the day, which often includes pavement or trails that humans frequent. Rattlesnakes usually hunt at night after they have become warm enough for such activity.

    If you are bitten by a rattlesnake, move carefully away to a safe location. Remain calm and allow the bite to bleed freely for 30 seconds. Cleanse and disinfect the bite area with iodine, or soap and water. Call ahead to the nearest hospital so they can plan accordingly for your visit.

    Rattlesnakes are a regulated species and cannot be killed when you come across one on a hike. The legal take of a prairie rattlesnake requires the individual to possess a small game hunting license and its open season runs June 15-Aug. 15, annually.

    Remember, snakes are an important part of our ecosystem. Visit us online to learn more about rattlesnakes in Colorado and also see our Quick Key To Amphibians and Reptiles of Colorado.

    Photos below courtesy of D. Herasimtschuk

  • Greeley native serves as a member of U.S. Navy’s submarine force

    Greeley native serves as a member of U.S. Navy’s submarine force

    For Full Story: https://navyoutreach.blogspot.com/2022/04/greeley-native-serves-as-member-of-us.html

    By Mass Communication Specialist 1st Class Tracey Bannister, Navy Office of Community Outreach

    BANGOR, Wash. – A Greeley, Colorado, native is stationed at Naval Base Kitsap (NBK), homeport to west coast ballistic-missile and guided-missile submarines.

    Petty Officer 2nd Class Devan Vick serves as a machinist’s mate and joined the Navy to be a role model for family members.

    “I joined the Navy to be a good inspiration to my younger brothers and sisters,” said Vick. “I have brothers currently serving in the Navy, Marine Corps and the Army.”

    For full story, follow link above.

  • Bennet Welcomes President Biden’s Support to Direct Funds from Seized Russian Assets to Ukraine

    Senators Bennet and Portman Introduced A Bipartisan Bill in March to Hold Russian Oligarchs Accountable for Enabling the War by Directing Funds from Their Seized Assets into New Ukraine Relief Fund
    Washington, D.C. Today, Colorado U.S. Senator Michael Bennet welcomed President Joe Biden’s support for Congressional efforts to direct funds from seized Russian assets to Ukraine — an idea Bennet and U.S. Senator Rob Portman (R-Ohio) proposed this March in the bipartisan RELIEF for Ukraine Act. Attorney General Merrick Garland expressed support for this effort earlier in the week.
    “We must hold Russian oligarchs accountable for enabling Putin’s egregious, lawless war,” said Bennet. “My bipartisan bill with Senator Portman would direct funds from seized Russian assets to support Ukrainian refugees, reconstruction, and recovery. I look forward to working with President Biden, Attorney General Garland, and my Senate colleagues to get this done for the Ukrainian people, who have inspired the world with their resilience and resolute defense of democracy.”
    The RELIEF for Ukraine Act requires the Department of Justice to allocate funds from the disposal of seized Russian into a new Ukraine Relief Fund, which will be administered by the Department of State in consultation with the U.S. Agency for International Development. The Fund would be used to support the safety, health, and wellbeing of Ukrainian refugees, along with the general reconstruction and recovery of Ukraine in areas not controlled by the Russian Federation.
    The bill text is available HERE. A one-page summary of the bill is available HERE.
  • 6 million Southern California residents face unprecedented water restrictions

    A drier-than-normal winter in California has left the region in dire straits heading into the summer months, as the period from December to March is traditionally when the Golden State receives most of the precipitation it needs for the remainder of the year.

    AccuWeather Global Weather Center – April 27, 2022 – Southern California officials took unprecedented measures this week to restrict water usage for 6 million residents amid the state’s unrelenting drought.

    The Metropolitan Water District (MWD) of Southern California declared a water shortage emergency and implemented an emergency water conservation program for the first time in its history on Tuesday. These measures mandate residents and businesses across portions of Los Angeles, San Bernardino and Ventura counties to slash water usage by 20-30%. The drastic cuts limit outdoor watering to one day per week.

    “This drought is serious, and one of the most alarming challenges our region has ever faced,” MWD officials said in a statement announcing the new restrictions, adding that “unprecedented times call for unprecedented measures.”

    The extreme measures, while approved on Tuesday, will not take effect until June 1, according to KABC-TV. Agencies that are supplied with water by MWD and fail to enforce the restrictions among their customers will be subject to fines up to $2,000 per acre-foot of water that exceeds the mandates.

    Georgia, South Carolina among multiple states at risk of more tornadoes (Full Story) >>

  • Can’t wait for hot weather? Dive into AccuWeather’s 2022 summer forecast

    AccuWeather Hurricane Center – April 27, 2022 – The start of summer is fast approaching, and AccuWeather meteorologists are ready to pull back the curtain to reveal what weather Americans across the country can expect in the coming months.

    The first taste of summer arrived months ahead of schedule in Southern California when widespread temperatures in the 80s and 90s F were reported during the first half of February. Meanwhile, residents of the northern Plains might still be wondering if winter has ended yet with multiple rounds of Arctic air and blizzard conditions throughout April.

    The roller-coaster ride that is spring will continue to blur the lines between the seasons in the coming weeks, but the light is at the end of the tunnel and widespread, long-lasting warmth is fast approaching.

    Summer has been on the minds of AccuWeather’s long-range forecasters for weeks, and the team of meteorologists, led by Senior Meteorologist Paul Pastelok, has put together the pieces of the weather-forecasting puzzle to create a forecast for the contiguous United States for the upcoming season.

    Meteorological summer is slated to begin on Wednesday, June 1, just two days after Memorial Day weekend, which is often touted as the unofficial start to summer. Astronomical summer will commence less than three weeks later on the solstice, which occurs this year at 5:13 a.m. EDT on Tuesday, June 21.

    Take a look at the complete region-by-region breakdown of the U.S. summer forecast below:

    Stormy summer ahead for Northeast, Midwest

    Lawnmowers will have their work cut out for them this summer across the northeastern and midwestern U.S., although finding windows of opportunities to head outside to cut the grass could be tricky with a stormy pattern on tap.

    “In the Northeast,” Pastelok explained, “we’ve had ample amounts of moisture here to start off 2022.”

    This wet weather pattern is predicted to continue across the regions into the summer with frequent rain that could disrupt many outdoor summertime activities, such as doing yard work, exercising outdoors or playing golf.

    “We may not have to water the lawn too often,” Pastelok said. “The thing is: you’re going to have to probably cut the lawn often.”

    Johnny Wilson mows a lawn in Washington on Wednesday, Oct. 4, 2017. (AP Photo/Andrew Harnik)

    More moisture will also mean increased chances for severe weather from the Atlantic coast through the Great Lakes.

    “We may have a lot of severe weather to deal with here in the Northeast coming early to mid part of the summer season,” Pastelok said. “All of the ingredients are there.”

    The Midwest faces the highest risk of severe weather this summer, particularly in June and July, but damaging storms and tornadoes will also be possible across the Northeast throughout the summer, including the heavily populated Interstate 95 corridor.

    Pastelok noted that the long-term weather pattern this year is showing some similarities to 2012, a summer that produced a disastrous derecho across the Ohio Valley and mid-Atlantic.

    A derecho is a long-lived complex of thunderstorms that produces destructive wind gusts of at least 58 mph over an area spanning at least 240 miles. Wind gusts often exceed the 58-mph benchmark and the storm system is sometimes referred to as an “inland hurricane.”

    The areas at the highest risk of experiencing the impacts of a derecho, Pastelok said, are the Midwest, Ohio Valley and parts of the mid-Atlantic.

    While the wet pattern will fuel severe weather, it will help to limit the potential for heat waves across the regions.

    Nearly every major city across the Northeast and Midwest experienced more 90-degree days than normal last summer. Boston typically counts 14 90-degree days throughout the year, but last year reported 24. This year, AccuWeather is predicting 15 to 18 90-degree days for the city.

    Last summer in the nation’s capital, the mercury hit 90 F on 48 occasions above the long-term average of 40 days. A repeat could unfold this summer in Washington, D.C., with 42 to 46 days expected to reach 90 F this year.

    Chicago is another city forecast to have more 90-degree days than normal this year, similar to what unfolded in 2021. Last year, the city counted 22 days where the mercury reached 90 F, above the long-term average of 16 days. This year, AccuWeather is predicting that the Windy City will experience 18 to 24 days with a temperature of at least 90 F.

    Pastelok noted that although daytime temperatures will average near normal in the eastern half of the nation this summer, overnight temperatures will be well above normal. This means that there will be less natural cooling at night, increasing the energy demand during the overnight hours.

    Monsoon to help short-term drought over interior West

    As thunderstorms frequent the East Coast and Midwest and tropical troubles brew near the Southeast, rain could be hard to come by across the nation’s heartland.

    Drought conditions are widespread from Texas through Montana with most of the High Plains experiencing severe to extreme drought, according to the U.S. Drought Monitor. The worst conditions are focused on the Texas and Oklahoma panhandles and western New Mexico.

    “The High Plains is going to end up being drier and drier and drier as we go into the first part of the summer season,” Pastelok said. “So, I don’t see any relief coming that way from any big [thunderstorm] complexes developing.”

    The heat and dryness will not only put a strain on crops across the region, but it will also lead to a high-than-average cooling demand across the region. Americans living in metro areas of San Antonio, Dallas, up into Kansas City and west out to Denver can expect substantial home cooling costs this summer.

    The best chance for much-needed rain across the drought-stricken West will arrive in the form of the annual monsoon over the Rocky Mountains and Four Corners.

    “We do think it’s going to be a pretty decent monsoon season,” Pastelok said. He added that it could begin slightly earlier than normal in late June or early July. Typically, the monsoon in the southwestern U.S. begins in July and lasts into September.

    Rain from the monsoon will help to douse short-term drought concerns across the region, but the monsoon-induced rain will be a double-edged sword.

    “Unfortunately when the monsoon season starts, you can get development of more fires triggered by lightning strikes, and then you have to deal with the mudslides afterward in the burn area. So it’s not all good news, but it is good news as far as water goes,” Pastelok explained.

    The fire season in the Four Corners got underway during the second half of April with multiple blazes breaking out, including the Tunnel Fire near Flagstaff, Arizona, and the Calf Canyon Fire near Santa Fe, New Mexico.

    A lightning bolt streaking over the Grand Canyon during a summer thunderstorm. (NPS/Grand Canyon National Park)

    Thunderstorms associated with the monsoon could disrupt outdoor plans all across the interior West during what is expected to be the busiest summer travel season since before the coronavirus pandemic.

    The millions of people set to visit national parks from the Grand Canyon in Arizona to Zion and Arches in Utah and eastward into Rocky Mountain National Park in Colorado will all be subject to rounds of turbulent weather during the monsoon season.

    Can’t wait for hot weather? Dive into AccuWeather’s 2022 summer forecast >>

  • Colorado Has the 11th Most Expensive College Tuition in the U.S.

    Despite a slight drop in college attendance amid the COVID-19 pandemic, the large majority of high school graduates go directly to college upon completing high school. According to data from the National Centers for Education Statistics (NCES), enrollment in four-year colleges has more than doubled over the last 50 years, going from a little over five million students in 1970 to nearly 11 million in 2019. At the same time, Census Bureau data shows that the share of the U.S. adult population with a four-year college degree has more than tripled, from 11% in 1970 to 36% in 2019.



    For many, a college degree offers the most straightforward path toward securing a job and increasing pay. Research from Georgetown University suggests that 35% of job openings in 2020 required at least a bachelor’s degree and data from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics shows a greater than 67% pay difference, on average, between high-school graduates and college degree holders.

    While higher levels of education are necessary for many jobs, the cost to get this education has increased dramatically in the last several decades. In 1979, the average annual total cost of attendance—including tuition, fees, room, and board—for full-time undergraduates was $9,307 (in constant 2019-2020 dollars). By 2019, this rate had nearly tripled, to more than $25,000. The result is that currently, the average amount of debt a college graduate owes at graduation is $31,100, up from less than $10,000 in 1970.



    Because of this, it’s not surprising that cost is one of the primary determining factors when considering where to attend college. In fact, roughly four out of every 10 high school students rated cost as “most important” in a recent Fidelity survey. However, a university’s published price is often not a strong indicator of what any individual might actually pay out of pocket to attend, after factoring in the availability of grants and scholarship aid. In recent years, more than 80% of first-time, full-time undergraduates attending four-year colleges received some form of financial aid. So rather than focusing on published sticker prices, prospective students and their families should focus on net price, which better reflects the dollar amount paid by those who can’t afford to pay full price.

    To determine the states with the most expensive college tuition, researchers at Self Financial analyzed data from the National Center for Educational Statistics. The researchers ranked states according to the average net price for students awarded aid, defined as the total published price of attendance for full-time, in-state undergraduates less the average amount of grant and scholarship aid received. Researchers also calculated the average published total price, the average published price of tuition, fees, books, and supplies, the average published price of room and board, and total public undergraduate enrollment. Only public, four-year, degree-granting institutions were included in the analysis.

    The analysis found that in Colorado, students pay an average net price of $18,247 for college tuition. Out of all states, Colorado has the 11th most expensive college tuition. Here is a summary of the data for Colorado:

    • Average net price for students awarded aid: $18,247
    • Average published total price: $28,394
    • Average published tuition, fees, books, & supplies: $12,600
    • Average published room & board: $15,793
    • Total public undergraduate enrollment: 105,475

    For reference, here are the statistics for the entire United States:

    • Average net price for students awarded aid: $15,090
    • Average published total price: $26,685
    • Average published tuition, fees, books, & supplies: $11,533
    • Average published room & board: $15,151
    • Total public undergraduate enrollment: 5,297,491

    For more information, a detailed methodology, and complete results, you can find the original report on Self Financial’s website: https://www.self.inc/blog/states-with-the-most-expensive-college-tuition

  • Stage 2 Open Burning Ban

    Due to the extremely dry conditions in unincorporated Arapahoe County, Centennial, Foxfield, and Deer Trail, Arapahoe County is in stage 2 open burn ban.

    In stage 2 open burn ban:

    No fireworks or any other outdoor fires including, but not limited to, campfires, fires in constructed, permanent fire pits; fire grates within developed camp and picnic grounds and recreation sites; charcoal fueled fires, warming fires, fires in outdoor wood-burning stoves (chimney sparks or embers); the prescribed burning of fence lines, fence rows, fields, farmlands, rangelands, wildlands, trash, and debris.

  • Colorado State Patrol Seeks Information For Vehicle Pedestrian Fatal

    (Superior, COLO)

    Colorado State patrol investigators are asking for the public’s assistance with a vehicle/pedestrian crash that happened on Tuesday night at approximately 9:11p.m. on Highway 36 just West of the McCaslin Boulevard overpass.

    A pedestrian was running across the highway and was struck.  Investigators believe the pedestrian was hit by multiple vehicles before one stopped at the scene.  Investigators are asking anyone that was in the area at that time and think they might have struck or run over anything not realizing it was a pedestrian to please call with any information they may have on the incident.

    Please call 303-239-4583 and refer case #1D221241

  • 11.8% of CO workers are business owners, 6th most in U.S.

    new report from Commodity.com looks at the U.S. locations with the highest concentrations of self-employed entrepreneurs. Whether born out of necessity or desire, an increasing number of workers are taking the plunge and starting their own businesses in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. As many businesses cut back operations or shut their doors completely, a wave of newly-unemployed workers opened their own businesses in response. Quit rates also reached record levels in recent months, as many workers have been driven by the pandemic to reassess their careers and start something of their own. While roughly one out of 10 U.S. workers are entrepreneurs, some regions of the country have far higher concentrations. Researchers ranked states according to the percentage of workers who are business owners.

    In Colorado, 11.8% of the workforce are business owners—a total of 353,028 workers. Out of all states, Colorado has the 6th most business owners.

    Read more at:

    https://commodity.com/blog/entrepreneur-cities/

  • Bennet, Hickenlooper, Lamborn and Crow Statement on GAO Report on U.S. Space Command Basing Decision

    Bennet, Hickenlooper, Lamborn and Crow Statement on GAO Report on U.S. Space Command Basing Decision

    Washington, D.C. Today, Colorado U.S. Senators Michael Bennet (D) and John Hickenlooper (D) and Colorado U.S. Representatives Doug Lamborn (R) and Jason Crow (D) released the following statement after being briefed on the draft Government Accountability Office (GAO) report on the decision to move U.S. Space Command from Colorado to Alabama: 
    “We have said before that the U.S. Space Command basing decision was the result of a flawed and untested process that lacked transparency and neglected key national security and cost considerations. After reviewing the draft GAO report, we are even more concerned about the questionable decision to move U.S. Space Command from Colorado to Alabama.
     
    “Putin’s war on Ukraine and China’s space expansion underscore the need for U.S. Space Command to reach full operational capability as soon as possible. We cannot afford any operational disruptions or delays to the mission currently being conducted at Peterson Space Force Base, which is why U.S. Space Command must remain in Colorado.
     
    “We will continue to work on a bipartisan basis to urge the Biden Administration to keep U.S. Space Command at Peterson. Colorado Springs is the best and only home for U.S. Space Command. We look forward to the report’s public release in the near future.”
     
    BACKGROUND:
    In 2019, Bennet and former U.S. Senator Cory Gardner (R-Colo.) led the Colorado delegation in writing toActing Secretary of Defense Patrick Shanahan and to Acting Secretary of the Air Force Matthew Donovanand Commander of U.S. Space Command General Jay Raymond to emphasize what Colorado offers to be the permanent home of U.S. Space Command. Bennet and Gardner also published an op-ed in the Colorado Springs Gazette advocating for the basing decision. Following the White House’s official announcement of the creation of U.S. Space Command in August 2019, the entire Colorado Congressional Delegationreiterated their call to re-establish the headquarters in Colorado. In the original basing decision process, of the six possible locations that the Air Force named, four were in Colorado: Peterson Air Force Base (AFB), Schriever AFB, Buckley AFB, and Cheyenne Mountain Air Force Station. In the fall of 2019, the Air Force named Peterson AFB the temporary home to U.S. Space Command.
    In December 2019, Bennet met with Secretary of the Air Force Barbara Barrett and spoke with the Commander of U.S. Space Command General John W. Raymond to discuss the importance of a focus on national security space and to reiterate his support for basing Space Command in Colorado.
    In May 2020, the Air Force announced a new basing decision process that evaluated self-nominating communities, like Aurora and Colorado Springs, on their ties to the military space mission, existing infrastructure capacity, community support, and cost to the Air Force. The Air Force also announced Peterson AFB in Colorado Springs would remain the provisional location of the command until 2026. Later in May, Bennet and Gardner wrote a letter to Colorado Governor Jared Polis calling for him to support military spouse licensure reciprocity in the state, which Polis then signed into law in July 2020. Spouse licensure reciprocity was a component of the Air Force’s evaluation of each nominating state’s support for military families. 
    Following passage of Colorado House Bill 20-1326, the entire Colorado Congressional Delegation, Polis, and Lieutenant Governor Dianne Primavera wrote to Defense Secretary Mark Esper and Barrett to highlightthe new Colorado law and further demonstrate that Colorado is the best state to serve as the permanent home of the U.S. Space Command.
    In June 2020, Bennet welcomed Polis’ endorsement of the self-nomination of both the Aurora and Colorado Springs communities to compete to be the permanent home for U.S. Space Command. At the end of August 2020, the Aurora and Colorado Springs communities submitted their questionnaire responses to the Department of the Air Force completing the next step in the basing process.
    In August 2020, Bennet visited Peterson AFB and Schriever AFB for an update on the U.S. Space Command mission and stand up. He also met with General Dickinson, who assumed command in August, and learned about advancements at the National Space Defense Center. In November 2020, the Air Forceannounced Colorado Springs as a finalist for the U.S. Space Command headquarters.
    In December 2020, Colorado U.S. Senators Michael Bennet and John Hickenlooper joined more than 600 state, federal, local, county and municipal officials, businesspeople, philanthropists, civic leaders, military officials, entrepreneurs and Coloradans from across the state in a letter urging Trump to keep the Command in the Centennial State.
    In January 2021, following the relocation announcement, Bennet and Hickenlooper released a statementdenouncing the decision and expressing concern that the Trump White House influenced the decision for political reasons. 
    In January 2021, Bennet and Hickenlooper also led a letter from the entire Colorado Congressional Delegation that urged President Joe Biden to suspend the Trump Administration’s decision to move U.S. Space Command from Colorado Springs, Colorado, to Huntsville, Alabama until the administration conducts a thorough review.
    In May 2021, Bennet and U.S. Senator Mark Warner (D-Va.), Chairman of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, urged Biden to fully consider how the move may affect Intelligence Community dependencies and missions as well as the country’s ability to maintain superiority in space.
    In June 2021, Bennet, Hickenlooper, and U.S. Representatives Jason Crow and Doug Lamborn, and a bipartisan majority of the Colorado Congressional Delegation invited Vice President Kamala Harris to visit Colorado and its thriving space industry. 
    In August 2021, Bennet expressed concerns over comments former President Trump made on a radio show suggesting his direct involvement in the relocation decision. 
    In August 2021, Bennet spoke at the Space Symposium’s Space Technology Hall of Fame Dinner, highlighting Colorado’s leadership in national security space and space innovation and pushing for a thorough review of the decision to relocate U.S. Space Command from Colorado to Alabama.
    In September 2021, Bennet, Hickenlooper, Crow, Lamborn and a group of bipartisan members of the Colorado Congressional Delegation sent a letter to Secretary of the Air Force Frank Kendall urging him to suspend the Trump Administration’s decision to move U.S. Space Command from Colorado Springs, Colorado, to Huntsville, Alabama until the administration conducts a thorough review.
    In January, 2022, Bennet and Crow hosted Chairman Adam Schiff in Colorado for a briefing with Space Command, National Space Defense Center, and National Reconnaissance Office  leadership.
    Bennet and Warner met with leadership from the Department of Defense and the Intelligence Community IC at Schriever Space Force Base and Buckley Space Force Base. The senators’ meetings highlighted the defense and intelligence elements in Colorado key to U.S. space missions, including U.S. Space Command, and underscored the central role Colorado maintains in both space and national security innovation. 
    Last month, Bennet and Hickenlooper announced support from thirteen leading aerospace companies and accelerators to keep U.S. Space Command in Colorado due in large part to the state’s commanding aerospace industry, which supports U.S. defense and space missions.
    Recently, Bennet and Hickenlooper led a letter from the entire Colorado Congressional Delegation calling on President Joe Biden to ensure the U.S. Space Command basing decision takes into account national security and cost implications, and considers the findings of two pending reviews.